01
AI produces probabilistic output
Model responses depend on context, model version and sampling. That is valuable for ambiguous work but unsuitable as the sole authority for hard constraints.
Engineering architecture answer
AI vs deterministic software: use each for the work it can prove
Use AI for interpretation, pattern recognition and reasoning over unstructured information. Use deterministic software for calculations, permissions, transactions, state transitions and rules that must produce the same result from the same input. Governed systems combine them and verify the boundary between them.
02
Deterministic code produces enforceable behaviour
Versioned rules and tests make expected outcomes reproducible, reviewable and auditable.
03
The hand-off needs a contract
Structured schemas, confidence handling, source references and validation define how model output may enter the authoritative system.
Start with the operation